Drums are an essential part of urban music, classical ensembles, sacred Sufi music, and traditional folk music throughout the Middle East.

 

Dumbek, tar, and riq

The dumbek is a goblet drum, 10–22 centimeters (4–9 inches) in diameter and 22–40 centimeters (/9–16 inches) long) It has a hollow pottery, wood, or metal body and a goatskin or fish-skin head. There are many regional variations in its name, including derbrocka (Morocco and Algeria), darbukkah, and derbouka (Iraq), and zarb (Iran).

 

The tar, 10–20 centimeters (4–8 inches) in diameter, and the lower-sounding daf, 18–40 centimeters (7–16 inches) in diameter, are round or square frames with a goatskin-head. The riq is similar in size to the tar and is a round drum with a double row of jingles like a tambourine.

 

Playing techniques

Archeological evidence suggests that the daf and riq were the chief percussion instruments for much of recorded history in the Middle East, with the dumbek becoming popular only in the 20th century. When playing the dumbek and frame drums, the dominant hand plays most of the rhythm, as the other hand holds the drum and adds in light fills. The dumbek is played by holding the drum under the left or non-dominant hand arm with the head facing downward, and striking the head with the fingers of both hands.

 

Rhythm

Rhythms are vocalized in the dumbek, daf, and riq. The three main strokes are a right-handed strike in the center of the drum, which produces a deep tone called dum; and a right- and left-handed strike at the edge of the drum, which produces a high tone called tek and ka respectively. On the daf and riq, the tek and ka strokes are played with the ring finger at the edge of the skin and the cupped hand in the middle of the head. The riq is also shaken to play the jingles.

 

Tablat

Double-headed cylindrical drums called by the generic name tabl or tablat are commonly played at festivals and in military music throughout the Middle East and northern India. These drums are the ancestors of European military drums. The drumheads are laced together and braced with tension knots, like drums in marching bands in Western Europe. Tablat are suspended from a shoulder strap and played with sticks or bundles of leather thongs. The tabl baladi, 43 centimeters (17 inches) in diameter and 30 centimeters (15 inches) long, is the ancestor of the snare drum and tenor drum, and the tabl turki, 55 centimeters (22 inches) diameter and 35 centimeters (14 inches) long, is the ancestor of the bass drum.