X-ray astronomy satellites
Huge clouds of hot gas shine brightly around the galaxy NGC1399 when it is viewed in the short wavelengths of X-rays, recorded here by the X-ray telescope of the Einstein Observatory. Satellites can take instruments into space to observe the universe in ways which are impossible from the ground. X-rays from space cannot penetrate Earth's atmosphere to reach ground-based telescopes, and astronomers knew little about the exact shape and structure of X-ray emitting astronomical objects until the launch of the Einstein Observatory in November 1978. The gas shown here is at a temperature of 100 million degrees, and is invisible to ordinary light-gathering telescope.
spacecraft | launch date |
ALEXIS | Apr 25, 1993 |
ANS | Aug 30, 1974 |
ARGOS | Feb 23, 1999 |
Ariel 5 | Oct 15, 1974 |
Ariel 6 | Jun 2, 1979 |
ASCA | Feb 20, 1993 |
Astron | Mar 23, 1983 |
BBXRT | Dec 2, 1990 |
BeppoSAX | Apr 30, 1996 |
Chandra X-ray Observatory | Jul 23, 1999 |
Constellation-X | 2015? |
Copernicus Observatory (OAO-3) | Aug 21, 1972 |
DXS | Jan 13, 1993 |
EXIST | 2007+ |
Exosat | May 26,1983 |
Gamma | Jul 11, 1990 |
Ginga | Feb 5, 1987 |
Granat | Dec 1, 1989 |
Hakucho | Feb 21, 1979 |
HEAO-1 | Aug 12, 1977 |
HEAO-2 | Nov 12, 1978 |
HEAO-3 | Sep 20, 1979 |
HETE | Oct 9, 2000 |
High Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy Mission | 2007+ |
Hinotori | Feb 21, 1981 |
Joule | |
MAXIM | 2007+ |
NuSTAR (Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array) | Jun 13, 2012 |
ROSAT | Jun 1, 1990 |
RXTE | Dec 30, 1995 |
SAS-3 | May 7, 1975 |
Spectrum-X-Gamma | 2003 |
Taiyo | Feb 24, 1975 |
Tenma | Feb 20, 1983 |
Uhuru (SAS-1) | Dec 12, 1970 |
XEUS | |
XMM-Newton | Dec 10, 1999 |