A

David

Darling

X-ray astronomy satellites

Image obtained by the Einsten X-ray Observatory.

Huge clouds of hot gas shine brightly around the galaxy NGC1399 when it is viewed in the short wavelengths of X-rays, recorded here by the X-ray telescope of the Einstein Observatory. Satellites can take instruments into space to observe the universe in ways which are impossible from the ground. X-rays from space cannot penetrate Earth's atmosphere to reach ground-based telescopes, and astronomers knew little about the exact shape and structure of X-ray emitting astronomical objects until the launch of the Einstein Observatory in November 1978. The gas shown here is at a temperature of 100 million degrees, and is invisible to ordinary light-gathering telescope.


spacecraft launch date
ALEXIS Apr 25, 1993
ANS Aug 30, 1974
ARGOS Feb 23, 1999
Ariel 5 Oct 15, 1974
Ariel 6 Jun 2, 1979
ASCA Feb 20, 1993
Astron Mar 23, 1983
BBXRT Dec 2, 1990
BeppoSAX Apr 30, 1996
Chandra X-ray Observatory Jul 23, 1999
Constellation-X 2015?
Copernicus Observatory (OAO-3) Aug 21, 1972
DXS Jan 13, 1993
EXIST 2007+
Exosat May 26,1983
Gamma Jul 11, 1990
Ginga Feb 5, 1987
Granat Dec 1, 1989
Hakucho Feb 21, 1979
HEAO-1 Aug 12, 1977
HEAO-2 Nov 12, 1978
HEAO-3 Sep 20, 1979
HETE Oct 9, 2000
High Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy Mission 2007+
Hinotori Feb 21, 1981
Joule  
MAXIM 2007+
NuSTAR (Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array) Jun 13, 2012
ROSAT Jun 1, 1990
RXTE Dec 30, 1995
SAS-3 May 7, 1975
Spectrum-X-Gamma 2003
Taiyo Feb 24, 1975
Tenma Feb 20, 1983
Uhuru (SAS-1) Dec 12, 1970
XEUS  
XMM-Newton Dec 10, 1999