Abu'l Wafa (AD 940–998)
Anabasis
Arabian astronomy
Arabs and the rise of Islam
Artabazus
Artaxerxes
Assyrian civilization
Assyrians 1530 to 612 BC

Babylon
Babylonian astronomy
Babylonians 2000 to 323 BC
Byzantine Empire

Cyrus

Darius

Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Hebrews 1200 to 322 BC
Hittites 1700 to 1200 BC

Islam in Europe
Islamic art

Khayyám, Omar (1048–1122)

Mesopotamia: ancient history
Mohammed and Islam

Ottoman Empire to 1600

Palmyra
Persian Empire of the Achaemenids
Persian history
Phoenicians 1500 to 332 BC

Sassanides
Sumerians
Sumerians 4000 to 2000 BC

Xerxes (c. 519–465 BC)